|
Chauvinism, in its original meaning, is an exaggerated patriotism and a belligerent belief in national superiority and glory.〔Oxford English Dictionary〕 According to legend, French soldier Nicolas Chauvin was badly wounded in the Napoleonic wars. He received a pension for his injuries but it was not enough to live on. After Napoleon abdicated, Chauvin was a fanatical Bonapartist despite the unpopularity of this view in Bourbon Restoration France. His single-minded blind devotion to his cause, despite neglect by his faction and harassment by its enemies, started the use of the term.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/chauvinism )〕 ''Chauvinism'' has extended from its original use to include fanatical devotion and undue partiality to any group or cause to which one belongs, especially when such partisanship includes prejudice against or hostility toward outsiders or rival groups and persists even in the face of overwhelming opposition.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/15-words-you-didnt-realize-were-named-after-people )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/chauvinism )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/31017?redirectedFrom=chauvinism#eid )〕 This French quality finds its parallel in the British term ''jingoism'', which has retained the meaning of ''chauvinism'' strictly in its original sense; that is, an attitude of belligerent nationalism.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/jingoism )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/31017?redirectedFrom=chauvinism#eid )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://wordhistories.com/2013/06/15/jingoism-chauvinism/ )〕 In contemporary English, the word has come to be used as shorthand for ''male chauvinism'', a trend reflected in Merriam-Webster's Dictionary, which begins its entry on ''chauvinism'' with "an attitude that the members of your own sex are always better than those of the opposite sex."〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chauvinism )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/15-words-you-didnt-realize-were-named-after-people )〕 ==Chauvinism as nationalism== In 1945, political theorist Hannah Arendt described the concept thus: Technical Chauvinism has been used for those examples where inventors of a particular nationality have been idolised, one case being that of the ship's propeller. It had no sole inventor, but claims have been made for the Swede John Ericsson and the Czech Josef Ressel. The latter even has a national monument dedicated to him. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chauvinism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|